Professor Arthur T. Johnson

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Airflow Perturbation Device

The airflow perturbation device (APD) is a medical instrument developed for noninvasive measurement of respiratory resistance. This device can be very useful for measurements on small children, unconscious or uncooperative patients, and animals.

 

Publications & Abstracts: Airflow Perturbation Device

 

Influence of Nasal Congestion on Respiratory Resistance Values

J Pulm Respir Med 2015, 5:1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-105X.1000228)

Awowale A.
Johnson A.
Vossoughi J.

ABSTRACT
Nasal congestion is the fourth most common minor ailment presented in primary care and as such, a method to quantify the meaning of nasal congestion in order to enable evaluation of medicines catered to specific congestion levels can prove important. The Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) is a noninvasive respiratory diagnostic device that evaluates the respiratory resistance in humans. It measures the total respiratory resistance under normal breathing in less than one minute. This study involved using the APD to determine the influence of nasal congestion on respiratory resistance in a laboratory setting. A total of 25 volunteers volunteered for this study and it employed a standard subjective categorical scale for nasal congestion (i.e. No Congestion, Mild Congestion, Moderate Congestion, and Severe Congestion). The results show that resistance values increased with increased congestion levels. However, resistance values of the groups of volunteers for the various congestion categories overlapped, and there were no statistically significant values differentiating no congestion and mild congestion or moderate congestion and severe congestion.

Resistance Measured by Airflow Perturbation Compared with Standard Pulmonary Function Measures

Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases, vol. 3, pp. 63-67 doi:10.4236/ojrd.2013.32010
Published Online May 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojrd)

Tania Haque
Jafar Vossoughi
Arthur T. Johnson
Wanda Bell-Farrell
Thomas Fitzgerald
Steven M. Scharf

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Routine lung function testing requires expensive equipment, or requires maximum expiratory effort. The airflow perturbation device (APD) is a light handheld device, allowing for serial measures of respiratory resistance noninvasively and effortlessly. METHODS: In a convenience sample of 398 patients undergoing pulmonary function testing, we compared routine spirometric indices (forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF)), and airways resistance (Raw-272 patients), to measures of respiratory resistance measured with the APD including in-spiratory (IR), expiratory (ER) and averaged (AR) resistance. RESULTS: Measures of lung function were significantly correlated (p < 0.001). On regression analysis, between 7% - 17% of the variance (R2) for FEV1, PEF, and Raw was explained by APD measurements. Approximately 2/3 of the variance in FEV1 was explained by PEF measurements. CONCLUSIONS: APD measurements of lung function correlate with conventional measures. Future studies should be directed at exploring the use of the APD device in serial measures of lung function in patients with lung disease.

Comparison of Respiratory Resistance Measurements Made with an Airflow Perturbation Device with Those from Impulse Oscillometry

J. Med. Eng. v. 2013 (open access) doi:10.1155/2013/165782 (2013)
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jme/2013/165782/

J. Pan
A. Saltos
D. Smith
A. Johnson
J. Vossoughi

ABSTRACT
The airflow perturbation device (APD) has been developed as a portable, easy to use, and a rapid response instrument for measuring respiratory resistance in humans. However, the APD has limited data validating it against the established techniques. This study used a mechanical system to simulate the normal range of human breathing to validate the APD with the clinically accepted impulse oscillometry (IOS) technique. The validation system consisted of a sinusoidal flow generator with ten standardized resistance configurations that were shown to represent a total range of resistances from 0.12 to 0.95 kPa •s/L (1.2–9.7 cm H2O•s/L). Impulse oscillometry measurements and APD measurements of the mechanical system were recorded and compared at a constant airflow of 0.15 L/s. Both the IOS and APD measurments were accurate in assessing nominal resistance. In addition, a strong linear relationship was observed between APD measurements and IOS measurements (R2 = 0.999). A second series of measurements was made on ten human volunteers with external resistors added in their respiratory flow paths. Once calibrated with the mechanical system, the APD gave respiratory resistance measurements within 5% of IOS measurements. Because of their comparability to IOS measurements, APD measurements are shown to be valid representations of respiratory resistance.

 

Inspiratory and Expiratory Resistances During Exercise

Br. J. Medicine Med. Res. 3(4): 2231-0614 (open access), (2013)
http://www.sciencedomain.org/issue.php?iid=205&id=12

Arthur T. Johnson
Prakash Chapain
Darnell Slaughter
Sally Gallena
Jafar Vossoughi

ABSTRACT
AIMS: Paradoxical vocal fold motion, especially during exercise, causes symptoms of dyspnea in patients experiencing this condition. At present, the standard means to diagnose this condition is invasive using a laryngoscope. The Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) could offer a simpler means of diagnosis and monitoring, but the APD must be validated with laryngoscopy. Both devices require access to the mouth, and so cannot be used simultaneously. The aim of this study was to determine if respiratory resistance of exercising subjects changes immediately after exercise begins and ends. STUDY DESIGN: The study was conducted as a prospective study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: All tests were conducted in the Human Performance Laboratory, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD between August 2011 and August 2012. METHODOLOGY: Fifteen subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 70% of maximum predicted heart rate while breathing through the APD. RESULTS: Results show that APD measurements made just prior and after the cessation of exercise are comparable. CONCLUSIONS: APD measured inspiration and expiration resistances do not change immediately after exercise cessation.

 

Validity of a New Respiratory Resistance Measurement Device to Detect Glottal Area Change

Journal of Voice, Vol. 27(3): 299-304  (2013)

Sally J. K. Gallena
Wei Tian
Arthur T. Johnson
Jafar Vossoughi
Stephen A. Sarles
Nancy Pearl Solomon

ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between respiratory resistance (Rr) values measured with the Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) to laryngoscopic images of glottal area (GA) in feigned paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM), also known as vocal cord dysfunction. HYPOTHESIS: There is a strong inverse relationship between Rr and GA such that laryngeal constriction can be detected and quantified by APD-measured Rr. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, single subject study. METHODS: A healthy adult feigned breathing that was characteristic of PVFM. Rr and GA were simultaneously recorded, synchronized, and analyzed for three complete breathing cycles with significant glottal constriction occurring during inspiration. RESULTS: Cross-correlation analysis revealed a strong negative correlation (_0.824) between GA and Rr during feigned PVFM breathing such that Rr increased when GA decreased. CONCLUSION: APD-measured Rr appears to be a viable noninvasive method for diagnostic screening and monitoring of treatment outcomes for individuals presenting with dyspnea related to PVFM.

 

Comparison of Expiratory Isovolume Pressure-Flow Curves With the Stop-Flow Versus the Esophageal-Balloon Method

Respiratory Care 2011 56(7): 969 –975

D.C. Coursey
S.M. Scharf
A. T. Johnson

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Expiratory isovolume pressure-flow curves allow determination of flow limitation and airway resistance, but obtaining an isovolume pressure-flow curve requires placing an esophageal balloon. The stop-flow method of obtaining isovolume pressure-flow curves is easy and noninvasive. OBJECTIVE: To compare the stop-flow and esophageal-balloon methods by measuring the differences between the pressures and flows at which flow limitation first occurs. METHODS: In 5 healthy subjects we used the esophageal-balloon method and the stop-flow method at 25%, 50%, and 75% of vital capacity (VC), and constructed isovolume pressure-flow curves showing the pressure at which the flow became limited during forced expiration. RESULTS: The mean calculated pleural pressure at flow limitation with the stop-flow method was 2.7 times and 1.6 times that via the esophageal-balloon method at 25% of VC and 50% of VC, respectively. The maximum flow at flow-limitation with the stop-flow technique was 0.7 times and 0.6 times that via the esophageal-balloon method at 25% of VC and 50% of VC, respectively. We also calculated the resistance (the inverse of the slope of the line to the point of flow limitation), but there were large variations in the resistance values, so there was no statistically significant relationship between the stop-flow and esophageal-balloon methods. CONCLUSION: The stop-flow method showed potential to noninvasively obtain isovolume pressure-flow curves.

 

COMPARING PULMONARY RESISTANCE MEASURED WITH AN ESOPHAGEAL BALLOON TO RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS WITH AN AIRFLOW PERTURBATION DEVICE

Physiol. Meas. 31 (2010) 921-934
doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/7/004

D.C. Coursey
S.M. Scharf
A. T. Johnson

ABSTRACT
The airflow perturbation device (APD) perturbs flow and mouth pressure during regular breathing. Ratios of mouth pressure perturbation magnitudes to flow perturbation magnitudes were used to calculate inspiratory, expiratory and average respiratory resistances. Resistance measurements with the APD were compared to pulmonary resistances directly measured with an esophageal balloon. Six healthy subjects were tested during tidal breathing when known external resistances were added during inspiration, during expiration and during both inspiration and expiration. When the baseline averaged balloon measured pulmonary resistance was subtracted from the baseline averaged APD measured resistance, the difference between them was 0.92 ± 1.25 (mean ± SD) cmH2O L–1 s–1. Compared to the magnitude of the known increase in the added resistance, the APD measured resistance increased by 79%, whereas directly measured pulmonary resistance increased only by 56%. During addition of external resistances to both inspiration and expiration, the changes in inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary resistance were only 36% and 62% of the added resistance, respectively. On the other hand, the APD inhalation and exhalation resistance measured between 82% and 76% of the added resistance. We conclude that the APD detects changes in external resistance at least as well as, and probably better than, classical measurements of pulmonary resistance.

Keywords: respiratory resistance, pulmonary resistance, pulmonary function, external rigid resistance, airflow perturbation device.

 

TESTING LIMITS TO AIRFLOW PERTURBATION DEVICE (APD) MEASUREMENTS

BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2008, 7:28
doi:10.1186/1475-925X-7-28

Erika R Lopresti
Arthur T Johnson
Frank C Koh
William H Scott
Shaya Jamshidi
Nischom K Silverman

ABSTRACT
The Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) is a lightweight, portable device that can be used to measure total respiratory resistance as well as inhalation and exhalation resistances. There is a need to determine limits to the accuracy of APD measurements for different conditions likely to occur: leaks around the mouthpiece, use of an oronasal mask, and the addition of resistance in the respiratory system. Also, there is a need for resistance measurements in patients who are ventilated.

Ten subjects between the ages of 18 and 35 were tested for each station in the experiment. The first station involved testing the effects of leaks of known sizes on APD measurements. The second station tested the use of an oronasal mask used in conjunction with the APD during nose and mouth breathing. The third station tested the effects of two different resistances added in series with the APD mouthpiece. The fourth station tested the usage of a flexible ventilator tube in conjunction with the APD.

All leaks reduced APD resistance measurement values. Leaks represented by two 3.2 mm diameter tubes reduced measured resistance by about 10% (4.2 cmH2O·sec/L for control and 3.9 cm H2O·sec/L for the leak). This was not statistically significant. Larger leaks given by 4.8 and 6.4 mm tubes reduced measurements significantly (3.4 and 3.0 cm cmH2O·sec/L, respectively). Mouth resistance measured with a cardboard mouthpiece gave an APD measurement of 4.2 cm H2O·sec/L and mouth resistance measured with an oronasal mask was 4.5 cm H2O·sec/L; the two were not significantly different. Nose resistance measured with the oronasal mask was 7.6 cm H2O·sec/L. Adding airflow resistances of 1.12 and 2.10 cm H2O·sec/L to the breathing circuit between the mouth and APD yielded respiratory resistance values higher than the control by 0.7 and 2.0 cm H2O·sec/L. Although breathing through a 52 cm length of flexible ventilator tubing reduced the APD measurement from 4.0 cm H2O·sec/L for the control to 3.6 cm H2O·sec/L for the tube, the difference was not statistically significant.

The APD can be adapted for use in ventilated, unconscious, and uncooperative patients with use of a ventilator tube and an oronasal mask without significantly affecting measurements. Adding a resistance in series with the APD mouthpiece has an additive effect on resistance measurements, and can be used for qualitative calibration. A leak size of at least the equivalent of two 3.2 mm diameter tubes can be tolerated without significantly affecting APD measurements.

 

RESISTANCE VALUES OBTAINED WITH THE AIRFLOW PERTURBATION DEVICE

International Journal of Medical Implants and Devices, Vol 1, Nos. ¾, pp 137-151, 2005

Arthur T. Johnson
William H. Scott
Estelle Russek-Cohen
Frank C. Koh
Nischom K. Silverman
Karen M. Coyne

ABSTRACT
Background: In its current form, the Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) is a new device for measuring respiratory resistance. It is convenient, small, and requires little more than normal breathing. Because of this the APD can be a useful medical diagnostic tool for pulmonary function.

Method of Approach: Normal ranges of data have been obtained for over 900 subjects ranging in age from 2 to 88.

Results: The reduction of respiratory resistance with age is clearly evident in children; adults can maintain normal values of 2.5 to 3.5 cm H2O*sec/L throughout their lives. Other relationships between resistance and height, weight, or body mass index were also explored. Exhalation resistances were almost greater than inhalation resistances, as expected.

Conclusions:

  1. The Airflow Perturbation Device can be used easily for people of all ages.
  2. Normal respiratory resistance values have been established for children and adults. These will be refined as more data become available.
  3. Resistance in the exhalation direction is generally larger than resistance in the inhalation direction, except, perhaps in small children.
  4. Data appear to conform to a log normal probability distribution.
  5. Male adults have average resistance values about 80% of those of adult females.

Keywords: respiratory resistance, children, adults, respiration, pulmonary, airflow perturbation device (APD).

 

In-Home Hand-Held Device to Measure Respiratory Resistance

1st Transdisciplinary Conference on Distributed Diagnosis and Home Healthcare (D2H2) 12-15 (2-4 April 2006)

J. Vossoughi
A.T. Johnson
N.K. Silverman  
Abstract

A small hand-held Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) has been developed that is capable of noninvasively evaluating respiratory resistance. The APD has several advantages over commercially available spirometers. The APD is small, compact, self-contained, and low cost. It can measure respiratory resistance noninvasively in inhalation and exhalation accurately and reliably. Because of its size, cost, and ease of operation, it can be a suitable diagnostic device for home use.

 

EFFECT OF PARTIAL AIR-LEAK ON RESPIRATORY RESISTANCE USING THE AIRFLOW PERTUBATION DEVICE (APD)

Proceedings of the IEEE 32nd Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference. 205–206 (2006)

J. Vossoughi
A. Johnson
M. Goldman
N. Silverman
E. Lopresti
P. Oo  

A mouthpiece used in spirometry is modified to produce a partial air leak while the patient is breathing into the device. Tubes were mounted on the left and right sides of the standard mouthpiece. Three different size tubes were used to produce high, moderate, and low leaks through the mouthpiece. The subjects were asked to use the Airflow Perturbation Device (APD) under identical conditions; with no leak (control), low, moderate, and high leak mouthpieces. Their average respiratory resistances were evaluated in each case. The results show that respiratory resistance decreases as more leak was allowed. It is therefore important that the respiratory technician takes additional steps to ensure that the patient completely holds and seals the mouthpiece with his/her lips so that all the breathing takes place through the mouthpiece and no leak is allowed from around the lips.

Keywords: respiratory resistance, children, adults, respiration, pulmonary, airflow pertubation device (APD)

 

Respiratory resistance measured by an airflow perturbation device

Physiol. Meas. 20 (1999) 21-35. (PDF)

Christopher G Lausted
Arthur T Johnson

ABSTRACT
The airflow perturbation device (APD) is an instrument for the measurement of respiratory resistance. The APD is small, lightweight fast and requires no special breathing manoeuvres. Airflow perturbation determines resistance by superimposing a periodic signal onto spontaneous breathing with a variable resistance device. Respiratory impedance is the ratio of magnitude of pressure perturbation to magnitude of flow perturbation, and respiratory resistance is the in-phase portion of respiratory impedance. The APD was tested to determine its responses to repeated resistance measurements and to changes in resistance. A mechanical model test showed that the APD could detect increased resistance levels, but overestimated resistance when resistance increased with flow. Tests with human subjects showed that the APD gave results consistent from day to day, was able to detect added resistances and gave resistance values correlated with airway resistance values obtained by body plethysmography. Accelerometers placed on the chests of the subjects showed that perturbations extend to the chest surface. Thus, the APD must measure total respiratory resistance.

Keywords: respiration, resistance